Is my Car okay or Broken?

Please VIEW THIS LINK FIRST!

In the link there's a picture 'under the hood' of a Ford Fiesta exactly like mine (It is not my car). Firstly I would like to know what the two parts circled are and why one has a disk on top and the other doesn't.

Also on the top of the one on the left (Circled) there's some liquid that is sort of browny white. It pretty much looks like peppercorn sauce. What is that and is my car broken?

Those are the upper strut mounts. Nothing to worry about if the bolts are tight.

THE REASON there's a plate on the right or passenger side is there's a provision for adjustment based on road camber in your area.
Or "crown for drainage" the rest is not adjustable except the toe.
You can use spray cleaners to make it look nice, and protect it by applying products to stop corrosion during a detail.
The driver side is not adjusted by design so it needs no plate.
HOWEVER, where did this "browny white liquid" come from?
Get your fluids inspected. You may have watery oil, oily water,
IT MAY BE overdue for a cooling service?
Yes it IS possible it's broken till you have somebody clear you to call it safe to drive.

Someone just forgot to put the plate on the other one, no big deal. The liquid is probably just some oil, might have splashed there, could be from someone putting the oil cap there when they put oil in the car.

Strut tower looks to be broken.

There are a couple of other minor parts missing in there… That, and the generally messy/oily appearance would lead one to think that it's been apart or otherwise worked-on by someone who doesn't know what they're doing.