Do alloy wheels have a huge impact on the acceleration of a car?

My car is a 1990 ford laser. I replaced my alloys with steel rims temporarily and the car feels like it struggles to accelerate. Is it just me or did the steel rims make it slower?

No - alluminium alloy wheels are not significantly lighter than a steel wheel of the same size and can occasionally be heavier. For wheel to be lighter than steel they have to be made from magnesiium alloy which is a lot lot more expensive

No. The effect is small. However if the steels have have higher profile tyres so the outer diameter is greater then the cars gearing will be higher and that would give you the effect you see.